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In neoclassical economics, a market distortion is any event in which a market reaches a market clearing price for an item that is substantially different from the price that a market would achieve while operating under conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement of legal contracts and the ownership of private property. In this context, "perfect competition" means: * all participants have complete information, * there are no entry or exit barriers to the market, * there are no transaction costs or subsidies affecting the market, * all firms have constant returns to scale, and * all market participants are independent rational actors. Many different kinds of events, actions, policies, or beliefs can bring about a market distortion. For example: * almost all types of taxes and subsidies, but especially excise or ad valorem taxes/subsidies, * asymmetric information or uncertainty among market participants, * any policy or action that restricts information critical to the market, * monopoly, oligopoly, or monopsony powers of market participants, * criminal coercion or subversion of legal contracts, * illiquidity of the market (lack of buyers, sellers, product, or money), * collusion among market participants, * mass non-rational behavior by market participants, * price supports or subsidies, * failure of government to provide a stable currency, * failure of government to enforce the Rule of Law, * failure of government to protect property rights, * failure of government to regulate non-competitive market behavior, * stifling or corrupt government regulation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「market distortion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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